The Organization At Common Law Of Director - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: The inquiry that needs investigation comparable to the given examination is that whether the custom-based law obligations owed by the executives tocompanyalong with the legal obligations as gave by the Corporation Act 2001(Cth) have been disregarded by Juliette according to her activities. Answer: Issue The inquiry that needs examination comparable to the given investigation is that whether the precedent-based law obligations owed by the chiefs to organization alongside the legal obligations as gave by the Corporation Act 2001(Cth) have been abused by Juliette according to her activities. Rules The chiefs of an organization own an obligation to the association at customary law just as under the arrangements of established enactments of the parliament. The enactment administering the activities of the executives working inside Australia is the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) As indicated by the CA area 9 the obligations gave by the Act is appropriate on the executives and different officials of the organization. Furthermore there is a guardian relationship of chiefs with the company[1]. At customary law the obligations of the chiefs incorporate Obligation to utilize the forces for an appropriate reason Obligation to holding carefulness Obligation of acting in accordance with some basic honesty towards the companys intrigue Obligation to watch Skill, Care and Diligence comparable to their organization Obligation of staying away from irreconcilable circumstance The legal obligations of executives as gave through the pertinent areas of the CA incorporates Segment 180-Duty to watch Skill, Care and Diligence according to their organization Segment 181-Duty of acting in compliance with common decency towards the companys intrigue Area 182-Duty not to utilize position in an inappropriate way Area 182-Duty not to utilize data in an ill-advised way Area 191-194 Duty to make legitimate and ideal exposure Area 588G Duty not to enjoy Insolvent exchanging The executives have a legal just as a precedent-based law obligation to act real and towards an appropriate reason for the organization under Section 181. This implies when the forces are released by the executives it should be in compliance with common decency, in the wellbeing and for an appropriate reason corresponding to the company[2]. The inquiry comparable to this obligation had been examined on account of Re Smith v Fawcett[3]. For this situation it had been controlled by the court the executives owe the obligation to the organization and the organization may legitimately sue the chiefs corresponding to the break. The executives must have an authentic conviction that they are acting to the greatest advantage of the organization. Regardless of whether the duty has been directed appropriately is broke down in a target way by applying the goal test. This implies a sensible executive is put similarly situated and it is broke down that whether a similar game-plan would have been taken by him as given on account of Darvall v North Sydney Brick Tile Co[4]. The chiefs of the organization have this obligation towards the organization overall as examined on account of Piercy Vs Mills Co[5]. The court additionally dissects the reason for which the force has been practiced by the executive so as to examine consistence with the obligation as expressed by the instance of Society v Wheeler [1994] 12 ACLC 67. The chiefs have the obligation to hold watchfulness according to their action as gave on account of Thorby v Goldberg [1964] 112 CLR 59. This implies the chiefs need to hold their circumspection comparable to the force gave to them and can't stay away from the obligation. They can anyway appoint their forces to other people. On account of Omnilab Media Pty Ltd v Digital Cimina Network Pty Ltd[6] the executive was held at risk of occupying a corporate open door which has a place with the organization. Any executive or official of an association needs to utilize their capacity and release the obligations forced on them by watching constancy and care which would have been finished by a sensible individual on the off chance that they were the chiefs of an organization in a similar circumstance or involved a similar position and had a similar obligation as the executive in setting as expressed by the arrangements of Section 180(1) of the CA[7]. For the situation Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd[8] it was give by the court that there was in spite of the fact that there was no finding comparable to the wrongdoing and carelessness in the piece of the chiefs, the court decided that the executives may not display serious extent of perseverance and care corresponding to their obligations, however they need to show norms which a sensible individual would have done in a similar circumstance. On account of Daniels Ors v Anderson Ors[9] it was held by the court that the executives owe a custom-based law obligation of care to the organization which is in consistence with the impartial obligation of care. It was likewise decided that even where the chiefs have just a specific specialized topic it is their obligation to speak to the business more than their minor subject matter. The business judgment governs as gave in Section 180(2) goes about as a type of protection accessible to the chiefs of an organization comparable to the break of legal or customary law duties[10]. Harlowe Nominees P/L v Woodside (Lakes Entrance oil Co NL[11] applied the business judgment rule in Australia. The guard can be profited of the choice of the executive was made in compliance with common decency and towards a legitimate reason, they did nit gave any close to home enthusiasm for the choice, they educated themselves about the choice taken by them and they have an objective conviction that the choice taken by them is towards the wellbeing of the organization. On account of ASIC v Rich[12] it had been decided by the court that the chief who neglects to or ignores a specific issue which would defend the enthusiasm of the organization is the not in actuality making a business judgment. As expressed by Section 183 of the CA an executive of the organization may not utilize the data acquired from the other organization to serve any outsider or himself. Application It has been given in the given circumstance that the Sumo Ltd is an organization which is enlisted in Australia and consequently its undertakings would be administered by the arrangements of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Juliette is one of the executives of the organization and accordingly would be exposed to the legal obligations and well as the precedent-based law obligations of chiefs. The association needs to grow the business and behaviors studies corresponding to whether they should continue assembling of Scottish plaid looking mats and covers or countrystyle wood floor materials. Juliette has no ability comparable to both the plans and in this manner checked out the gathering led by the organization according to the issue. She was occupied in some other work and towards the finish of the gathering gave an energetic discourse according to the issue and made a vote for mats and floor covering venture. In spite of the fact that she had no information about the issue the governing body concurred with her as they assumed her to be right. The board dependent on her choice disregarded the reality there was little exploration led in the achievability of Scottish plaid mats and covers. There are a few zones of concern which have been recognized corresponding to the activities of Juliette. As indicated by the arrangements of the Re Smith case Juliette owes an obligation to act in the wellbeing the organization which whenever penetrated she can be sued by the organization Sumo Ltd. Regardless of whether Juliette has penetrated the obligation or not would be dissected in a target way through contrasting her activities and a sensible chief according to the Darvall case. In the give circumstance no sensible chief for the wellbeing and legitimate reason for the organization would have taken a choice without having herself educated about it fittingly, subsequently the precedent-based law obligation of wellbeing just as segment 181 of the CA have been penetrated by Juliette. As per the arrangements of the Piercy case Juliette has an obligation towards Sumo in general. What's more it was the obligation of Juliette to hold carefulness under custom-based law which she didn't by not illuminating herself about the choice independently and therefore she has stranded this custom-based law obligation according to the Thorby case. Juliette had the obligation to watch care and ingenuity towards her duties comparable to the organization which would have been finished by a sensible individual in her position and a similar circumstance under segment 180(1) of the CA. Anyway unmistakably she has not conformed to the obligation as a sensible individual could never take such a choice which could significant influence the enthusiasm of the organization without educating herself about the topic regarding the choice. What's more according to the arrangements of Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd it was the obligation of Juliette to watch a sensible level of ingenuity and care towards her obligations which would have been finished by a sensible individual which she bombed by not educating herself about the choice, not focusing on the gathering and with no proof choosing a proposition for the organization. In the given circumstance it has additionally been given that Juliette has left Sumo and joined another organization having a place with her sibling. She utilized the data from the overviews led by Sumo and took a choice to go ahead with assembling of countrystyle wood floor materials. In the given circumstance she is criticism to redirect opportunity from her past organization to another according to the standards of Omnilab Media Pty Ltd case. Furthermore as she has utilized the data gotten from sumo to profit the other organization and subsequently is likewise at risk for the break of area 183 of the CA. With regards to guard gave under the business judgment rule according to area 180(2) of the CA it tends to be expressed that Juliette won't have the option to take the protection gave by the segment. This is on the grounds that she didn't enjoy educated dynamic, it can likewise be contended that she did it to profit her siblings organization and in this way had individual intrigue , the judgment was not in accordance with some basic honesty and appropriate p

Describe the fieldwork and research you would undertake in order to investigate why some urban areas are in need of rebranding

When examining why some urban territories need rebranding I would utilize a scope of both essential and optional information to perceive what the ecological, monetary and social requirements for rebranding were. Essential hands on work I would finish while in the region would include: land use studies, EQS’s, polls, observation reviews, a list of rot and I would likewise take photographs of the territory. By utilizing a wide scope of essential hands on work I would have the option to perceive any reason why the territory needs rebranding in a scope of ways. While finishing a land use study I would utilize deliberate examining as I would visit each fifth property at that point make notes on what the property was being utilized for utilized for or what administration it gave. By finishing a land use overview I would have the option to perceive what administrations there are in the neighborhood I would likewise have the option to perceive what condition of fix the structures are in. An EQS permits me to take a gander at the natural needs of a territory as while finishing it I am surveying the structures, traffic, open space and cultivates and the general nature of the zone. To finish and EQS I would stroll around the region and rate every quality on a size of +2, high, to - 2, extremely poor. Another method of evaluating the natural needs of rebranding is through a file of rot, this would include strolling round the region a surveying the states of being of structures inside the region and rating them. This would show the requirements of rebranding as though the territory is in a condition of dilapidation at that point individuals may not be pulled in to the region so the pattern of hardship proceeds. To finish both the EQS and record of rot I would utilize separated inspecting as we definitely knew something about the zone. Feeling based essential hands on work I would finish while researching the necessities of a region incorporates polls and recognition overviews. To finish the survey I would utilize arbitrary testing to guarantee my outcomes mirrored a wide scope of suppositions. Polls would furnish me with people’s assessment of the zone and can be utilized to show why rebranding needs to occur. In the event that their conclusion proposes that there are a great deal of enhancements that could be made to the region or that it is deficient with regards to administrations or transport foundation then this shows there is a need to rebrand. Surveys don’t just show the social requirements for rebranding however can show the monetary and natural needs also, everything relies upon what they questions inquire. A recognition overview additionally reflects people’s assessments of the region; again I would utilize irregular inspecting to increase a wide scope of results. Observation studies would permit me to rapidly gather people’s conclusions as they incorporate close inquiries. The outcomes would give me conclusions on the zone and furthermore data about upgrades individuals in the territory needed to see. The last bit of essential hands on work I would finish while in the territory would be taking pictures, I would take pictures to attempt to catch the zone socially, financially and earth. By taking a scope of pictures I would have the option to check whether the outcomes from my reviews fitted what my photos appear. This would help when exploring the requirements of rebranding as it would give visual portrayal of the territory and when contrasting the outcomes with a zone that has been rebranded the necessities would become evident rapidly. Likewise when exploring the requirements of rebranding I would finish auxiliary research to check whether it underpins the discoveries from my essential research. Anyway when utilizing optional information I would need to be cautious that the data was cutting-edge and wasn’t one-sided. I would utilize a scope of sources to furnish me with auxiliary information, for example, evaluation information, checkmyfile, wrongdoing information, monetary action and government profiles. I would look into statistics information to perceive what number of individuals in the zone are jobless this would show the financial needs of rebranding. The enumeration information would likewise give me data about the social needs of a region as the evaluation information incorporates data about training and human services arrangement in a region. Checkmyfile would likewise back up the data from the evaluation information as it gives data about joblessness and furthermore gives data about the social segment of the territory. This would help when examining the requirements of rebranding as it could show that the segment is a sure path as a result of a poor assistance arrangement. Wrongdoing information would show the social requirements for rebranding as it would appear if there are elevated levels of wrongdoing in the region and would give a sign concerning how safe the zone was. On the off chance that the outcomes appeared there was horror in the zone and the network didn’t have a sense of security this would propose there was a requirement for rebranding. Financial action would give me data about the neighborhoods and where individuals went through cash in the neighborhood. This would assist with indicating the requirements of rebranding as though there were not many administrations in the region then there wouldn’t be a lot of spending, it would likewise appear if there was a great deal of business in the region. The last bit of optional information I would research to examine the necessities of rebranding would be government profiles of the are this would give me an entire scope of social, natural and monetary pointers. When exploring the requirement for rebranding it is fundamental that I analyze the outcomes from my hands on work and research to the aftereffects of a zone that has encountered rebranding so I can take a gander at the distinctions which would be the place the primary needs would lie.

Construction Project Management - Connecting the UK with Europe Coursework

Development Project Management - Connecting the UK with Europe - Coursework Example Exhausting from one finish of the English Channel would guarantee that the passages would advance without significant worries for adjusting passages to one another. Interestingly, if exhausting was started from either end of the English Channel, it would be in fact requesting to guarantee an exact arrangement of the passages when the passages compromised of the English Channel. Different imperatives, for example, expenses of additional machines for exhausting likewise must be adjusted against worries for a period required to finish the undertaking. This and other such parts of the Channel Tunnel venture necessitated that venture the board ability and specialized aptitude be utilized to execute the task. When the venture was started, the specialized dangers at work were overseen all around ok including some renowned needless excess, for example, the pointless acquirement of new gear when old hardware was similarly as successful. As the undertaking advanced, it was influenced adversely by two elements unfriendly to extend the board †cost differences and timetable. From one perspective the specialized dangers related with this famous venture had been very much overseen and managed however then again, another arrangement of dangers had been disregarded to be managed out all alone. To a great extent the dangers kept separate from the underlying arranging stage included managing government administration and the related postponements and changes to extend scope. While the Channel Tunnel undertaking can be viewed as a significant accomplishment regarding specialized advancement however it is in any case an unadulterated task the executives disappointment. There is little uncertainty in anyone’s mind that the Channel Tunnel venture was not exactly a Pyrrhic triumph. The underlying costing for the undertaking was evaluated at some $5.5 billion yet the possible execution cost the task group some $14.5 billion. There was little change in the general extent of the venture yet there were bunch changes in the subtleties of the task scope. It was chosen at first that the Channel Tunnel would comprise of 32 miles (51.5 kilometers) burrow under the ocean to serve two railroad connects independently.

Play Hamlet Essay - 1650 Words

Play Hamlet (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructor Course DateHamletHamlets inability to move with resolve and avenge the death of his father is caused by many factors that control his character. The circumstance in which he finds himself in is difficult and competes with his relative inexperience because of age such that matters of conscience weigh in to affect the level of his resolve. In essence, the play illustrates a combination of forces that affects the Prince of Denmark at both the conscious and the subconscious level. Another important reason that could be attributed to his delay to kill Claudius is uncertainty. Hamlet is not very sure about whether the message and the story of the play are real or whether he was being misled by the ghost (Rosenberg 61). As a result, he is not aware whether the action of killing Claudius would be the right kind of thing to do at any moment. As the protagonist of the play, all actions are focused on him. His actions are weighed in terms of their contributio n to the parent theme of vengeance. The play revolves around a tragedy that revolves around a royal family. Family associations and the value of the family as an institution also affect the character of the protagonist. The preservation of this institution and the awareness of the relevant of the throne to the society may have contributed to the difficult situation that complicated Hamlets desire for revenge. For instance, the current king is not just a murderer as alleged by the ghost and the other characters. He is also his uncle by blood. The weight of this relationship was more troubling for Hamlet particularly because he is shown as a youngster who was brought up in ways of righteousness and strong moral values.Hamlet is an heir to the throne. As a possible future king, he must conduct himself with absolute decorum, caution, and strength of character. These qualities must be brought out even more strongly in a situation that involves vengeance against a serving king. However, t he manner in which he exercised his caution was more complicated and hinted at some weaknesses of character. These weaknesses exposed him to the evil design of his uncle who began to organize his parallel scheme of ending Hamlets life. The uncle began to realize the danger posed by Hamlets existence because of his delay and indecisive nature. The result would have been very different had he acted more swiftly at the point of confirmation.Hamlet arranges the confirmation to be some kind of a play that would enact events in the same sequence as the ghost had explained them to him. According to him, if the story of the ghost were true, then Hamlet would see it in the reaction of the new King as the play progresses (Shakespeare 182). He would then find some good reason to kill Claudius after the justification. The problem is that the more he attempted to find the right kind of confirmation the more he moved himself to the danger of being killed by the vengeful forces within the kingdom. One of his weaknesses is that he had failed to understand the kind of evil intentions that were directed around him by the new King.Claudius knew that his hold on the throne would not be safe as long as Hamlet was alive. It was because of this that he endlessly sought ways of ending the young mans life. Claudius order for Hamlet to be taken to England is one of the ways in which he plots to have Hamlet killed. This was after Hamlet had killed Polonius while imagining that he had indeed killed the Claudius. The sequence of events is made even more complicated when Ophelia decides to commit suicide. The double act of the tragedy involving both Polonius and his daughter Ophelia are enough justification to make Laertes seek his revenge against Hamlet. The king who insists that Hamlet is squarely to blame for the death of the two supports this idea. The outcome of this sequence of events is that the match is arranged between Laertes and Hamlet in which Laertes will be given a poisoned s word for the purpose of bleeding and eventually killing Hamlet.The sequence of events would not have become very complicated if Hamlet had acted swiftly in killing Claudius. Instead, he keeps on postponing the action of revenge until the moment when he can only do it after the death of his mother. It is one of the motives that lead to his eventual downfall. One of the rationales that could be attributed to this sequence of events is that Hamlet had some weakness of character that prevented him from acting with the necessary kind of speed against the villainous king. It might be argued that Hamlet was a perfectionist who only wanted to achieve the right kind of results in situations. This aspect of his character is clear from the very beginning of the play. His character is not consistent. His desire for perfection is the one reason that leads him into the near state of madness. He is not able to hold his composure and execute a well-designed plan for revenge. In this regard, it migh t be argued that Hamlets weaknesses are necessarily caused by the various forces that determine aspects of character within the understanding of the subject of revenge.Hamlets near state of madness and his descent into melancholy could be explained through a range of factors that concern his weaknesses of character. For instance, he cannot act in a manner that shows his ability to engage meaningfully with the mission for revenge. He is very indecisive as he plans his course of action and brings about doubt to defeat his own plans. As a result, of this Hamlet fails to come up with the best plan to end a complicated situation that had the blessings of the spirit of his dead father. Some of the reasons that have been used to explain the nature of difficulty that confronts the Prince of Denmark are that he acts very swiftly on other issues but he is unable to act in the same manner when it comes to the matter of avenging his fathers death (McEvoy 43). On this score, it might be argued t hat Hamlets character epitomizes some kind of a dual character. He hesitates at a point when he is supposed to act with resolve and end the Kingdoms injustice.Hamlet was unable to act decisively despite the fact that he had the support of most of the righteous people within the Kingdom. The popularity of the new King could not match his own fathers popularity. In essence, the new king was simply a murderer and a villainous individual whose only interest was to plot evil for benefitting his private goals. His yearn for power led him to murder the previous king that was his own brother. Hamlet should have realized the weight and necessity of revenge before his uncle schemed for his death in similar circumstances. He should have used the first-hand information he had received from Horatio the scholar, the apparition of his deceased father, and the reports of the two guards to act in a more decisive manner that could capture...

Watergate Paper - 1434 Words

Watergate Paper Paul Salabarria HIS/145 June 26, 2012 Jeff Wilson Watergate Paper Watergate was a scandal that involved a break-in into the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the Nixon administration. Watergate was one of the most famous political scandals in American history. Decades after Watergate historians and others continue to argue about its causes and significance (Brinkley, 2007). It marked a period that both weakened our relationships with other countries as well as weakened the public’s belief in the President. A majority of Americans believe that newspapers, radio and television are devoting too much space and time to covering the Watergate scandals (â€Å"53%,† 1974). Both Time and Newsweek reported that†¦show more content†¦Yet the public has already believed as much for some time now, and for that purpose the disclosure is superfluous (â€Å"Review and outlook,† 1974). Mayor Lindsay criticized the reporting of the Watergate scandal as contributing to â€Å"intolerable breakdown of the rule and the spirit of the law.† He chastised the press for disregarding grand-jury secrecy, punishing without due process of law and trial â€Å"by investigators who leak their suspicions before going to trial† (Schumach, 1973). The Watergate scandal appeared to have damaged the reputation of the United States abroad. Public interest in Watergate intensified virtually throughout the world, but there was no indication that it would significantly affect America’s foreign policy. Watergate had a great deal of radio and television coverage in most European countries and Watergate most certainly diluted Japanese confidence in America. The Russian leaders had staked a lot on personal relations with Mr. Nixon and did not want the President’s Watergate embarrassment to rub off on them (Collins, 1973). A leading Republican conservative called for President Nixon’s resignation, but Mr. Nixon reiterated his determination to stay in office. GOP Sen. James Buck ley issued his surprise call for the President’s immediate resignation at a morning news conference, stating that Mr. Nixon should quit â€Å"in order to preserve the presidency.† Mr.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Watergate Scandal1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe late 1960s to the mid-1970s was characterized by political controversy and instability. The Watergate crisis is the most infamous scandal that occurred within those years, and arguably, in American political history. The event occurred in 1972 and it redefined American political culture. Nixon’s involvement in the incident (and other controversies leading up to Watergate) led to a loss of faith in government and a transition to the public’s reliance on the media. 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The Importance of Promoting Equality, Diversity and...

Written Assessment #2 in Unit 204 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1) The follow assessment will have a brief description of the importance of inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. And it also contains an exploration of how our own attitudes, values and behaviour may lead to that inclusive practice, how to challenge discrimination and how to promote some important anti-discriminatory and inclusive practices. First of all is important to define what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice. Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers that compromise the children participation in their educational process, in their feeling of belonging and in their wellbeing in the†¦show more content†¦So is important that we, critically, self-assess our attitudes and values, to find out what is necessary to improve or to change, towards a better understanding of the school diversity, a better awareness of possible barriers and how to face them, in a way to promote inclusion on school environment. Not making suppositions about children and young people and have a wider knowledge about their backgrounds, interests, abilities, individual needs and positive attributes, will help us to provide more efficient, suitable and personalised support for them. Is also important, to take in to account, at all the time, the importance of that diversity and the wa ys to avoid discrimination. Schools (in their policies) and we, as component part of the school, have the duty to guarantee that, anti-discriminatory practice (and not discrimination), is promoted. 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The schools have a duty to support these rights and they must be reflected through their policies and procedures and must comply with current legislations and codes of practice. The Equality Act 2010 1.2 All pupils have the right to a broad and balanced curriculum. This must also beRead MoreUnderstand the Importance of Promoting Equality and Diversity in Work with Children and Young People.734 Words   |  3 PagesUnderstand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legalisation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Below is a list of the legislations which form the basic government statutory codes of practice and frameworks that school policies and procedures should have in relation to equality and inclusion. United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child. This is set up to makeRead MoreTda 2.4 - Equality, Diversity Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People2579 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 - Equality, Inclusion amp; Diversity In Work With Children and Young People. | Kerri Cook | | Contents Section One: Page 4 Legislation, participation, equal access and valuing and promoting cultural diversity. Section Two: Page 8 Prejudice amp; Discrimination and own attitudes, values and opinions. section three: Page 13 group inclusion Contents Page 4 - Section One Page 5 - 1.1 - Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuingRead MoreEssay on Tda 2.42734 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 Equality and diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. 1.1. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for disabled people in the areas of: †¢ employment †¢ education †¢ access to goods, services and facilities including larger private clubs and land basedRead MoreUnit 2042700 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 204 equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Outcome 1 understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably specific to their needs. Including areas of race, gender, disabilityRead MoreTda 2.4 Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People.3124 Words   |  13 PagesTDA 2.4 Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. In this essay i will be discussing equality amongst children, inclusion, inclusiveness and diversity and how to put these things mentioned into practise when working with children and young people. 1, Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practise relevant to the promotion of equality and valuingRead MoreThe Code Of Practice That Promote Equality And Valuing Of Diversity Area à ¢Ã‚‚Å ¹1444 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent legislation and codes of practice that promote equality and valuing of diversity areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Equality Act 2010 This act bought together a range of anti-discrimination acts to protect people, children and young people against discrimination for having a disability, the colour of their skin or their gender. The SEN Code of Practice 2001 This act made improvements so that children were able to have more of a chance of being in mainstream school, it was also able to give parents more rights. Human

Red, White, and Beer free essay sample

In the satiric essay, Red, White, and Beer, by, a humorist author, Dave Barry, an issue that is addressed is patriotism and how it relates with commercials. Barry explains that, â€Å"[] if you want to talk about real patriotism, of course, you have to talk about beer commercials† (519). This example is the main target Barry is going for; criticisms for the American culture. He approaches the topic through the use of his tone, metaphors, and a personal narration. Throughout this essay, he commentates about the political side of beer commercials to express the way of his tone. Barry sarcastically says what happens in Miller commercials, â€Å"Burly American men go around, drenched in perspiration, shaking each other’s hands in a violent and patriotic fashion† (519). It is easily shown that a sarcastic tone is expressed. He states that the brand of beer tastes like â€Å"rat saliva† and that taste is not exactly the main issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Red, White, and Beer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since not many women were around at the time of these beer commercials, men were lonely and felt â€Å"desperate for any form of physical contact† (519). Barry states, â€Å"in addition to shaking hands, they hug each other. [†¦] after the David Letterman show, there are Miller commercials in which the burly men engage in slow dancing† (519). This can be related to how most men do not usually dance unless they are feeling the joy of it or excited. There is this ridiculous sense of happiness from these masculine males that portrays in image of the American culture. Barry decides to personally address his own experience with beer and what may really happen. He says that during his younger days, â€Å"whenever anybody in my circle of friends wanted to move, he’d get the rest of us to help, and, as an inducement, he’d buy a couple of cases of beer† (519). The idea of boredom and men just being men relates to what they may really do, stupid actions. It is the kind of thinking that may be applied after having a beer because during the commercial â€Å"[†¦] the wall crashes down on the other side [†¦] and then they all shake hands† (519). This is like how men react after an accomplishment has been met; it is more exaggerated especially with beer. The relationship with these beer commercials with lonely men and the idea of patriotism carries out a suggestion that only a commercial would matter if it had a patriotic figure shown. The quality of a commercial comes off of the patriotic image in order to appeal to an American’s perception. Barry concludes that a pretty good commercial concept is, â€Å"They’d put the statue in the foreground† (521). He implies that commercials portray patriotism as to patriotism selling products. As long as the commercial promotes some type of patriotic appearance, consumers will have an interest in purchasing the product. Questions: 1. What do you think of beer commercials and how it may relate to patriotism? 2. Is there a relationship with beer and gender?

Is the Family a Fabricated Thing

Introduction The family has traditionally occupied a central place in society with communities hailing it as the basic unit of society. Families provide the social core in all societies and the nuclear family is present in all societies in the world. The unifying function of the family has been credited with the development and advancement of societies since time immemorial.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Family a Fabricated Thing? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, the family unit is unanimously considered as the basic building block of a successful and functional society. This is the ideal institution within which children are created and brought up in a protected environment until they are able to take care of themselves. The family also serves as a tool for socialization since the shared moral and social values of the community are inculcated in the children withing the family setting. For these reasons, the family is assumed to be an innate experience with some authors suggesting that the family is a natural institution. However, this notion has been questioned by anthropologists whose studies have led them to question the â€Å"naturalness† of the family unit. The findings of these scholars have led them to conclude that the family is not a natural thing but rather a construction of the society. This paper will set out to discuss the ideas of some of the most outstanding anthropologists of the 20th century, Adam Kuper, David Schneider, and Claude Levi-Strauss, in order to show that the family is a fabricated thing. The Idea of the Family The family is regarded as the basic unit of society and at its most base level; it is made up of a man, woman, and their children. Kuper (1982) states that the family preceded the formation of the society and in these early stages, it comprised of a male figure who exercised jurisdiction over his wives and children. Each family paid no regard to the other and acted in its own self-interest. The aggregation of families was the next step in social evolution and the ties of kinship became the basis of societies. The family provided the basis on which societies were ordered with expanded extended families serving as the social core.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reproduction is universally considered to be the basis of family relations since each person must have a biological father and mother. This simple parent-child relationship makes it possible to perform genealogical tracing since it is a biological fact that a man and a woman must be involved in procreation. Therefore, the concept of kinship was formulated based on this blood relation and relationships though marriage unions between previously unrelated parties. The naturalness of the family has been presupposed for many centuries due to th e prevalence of this social grouping. However, the arguments made by anthropologists suggest that the family is a cultural construct. Family: A Fabricated Concept Adam Kuper’s Ideas Adam Kuper suggests that the family was formulated as an organization through which people could live in harmony and accomplish greater exploits. Before the concept of family, each individual acted at his own discretion and there was no order or system of laws in place. Kuper (1982) records that the original state of human society was characterized by promiscuity rather than family life and this status quo was detrimental to the raising of children. This primitive existence was unsustainable since violence and anarchy reigned. The family unit emerged as a more ordered system of procreation within which the child could exist in a more secure environment. As the family concept became more sophisticated, legal paternity became recognized and the child could grow in an environment where he/she had a m other and a father. The extended patriarchal family group provided the basis for jural order and continuity (Kuper 1982, p.73). The earliest form of government was therefore based on the family concept. The political ideas were grounded in the assumption that â€Å"kinship in blood is the sole possible ground of community in political functions† (Kuper 2008, p.723). The family was formulated as the best structure to foster social stability and encourage good governance. The prohibition of some relationships in some cultures while the same relationships are allowed in others is further proof that kinship is a culturally constructed concept. Human beings formulate the laws governing who should marry whom and therefore forms a family and they vary from society to society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Family a Fabricated Thing? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kuper (2008) documents that in the nine teenth century, there was no crime in incest, and there were no rules articulating which marriages were allowed or forbidden. Before the 1880s, incest was an acceptable practice in England and there were no laws against the practice. The social perception of incest only underwent a radical change when the danger of sexual relations between fathers and daughters, or brothers and sisters began to be publicized by the National Vigilance Association. Following this, incest came to be conceived of as an offence with a victim. Because of this change in public perception, the British Parliament passed a Law in 1907 that made incest a crime and criminalized sexual relationships between members of the immediate family. As such, the family is a fabricated institute that is prone to changes based on the public needs. Kuper (2003) argues that the family was necessary to ensure survival in the primitive societies where division of labour was necessary. In these pre-modern societies, the nuclear family comprised of male and female enabled the parties to specialize in various activities for sustenance. The males typically acted as the hunters while the females were gatherers within a nuclear family setting. This economic function increased the value of the family and kinship was integral for survival Kuper (2003). It is conceivable that without the economic need of family, this institution would never have been created. Further reinforcing this supposition is the observation by anthropologists that with the rise of the individualist modern society, the economic functions of family have shrunk and each sex can manage to exist without the need of the other. Another indication that family is a fabricated concept is the difference in preference placed on a particular side of the family by different cultures. While some cultures emphasize on matrilineal descent (kin from the mother’s lineage), others emphasize on patrilineal descent (kin through the father’s lineage ).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, the location of residence differs with some cultures promoting marriage residence at the mother’s family house while most promote residence at the father’s family house (Kuper 2003). If the family was a natural construct, there would be universal preferences and all cultures would follow the same conventions. The fact that different ideals are practiced by different cultures proves that family is a human construction. The rapid changes in society that were experienced in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the family was not an integral component of the society. During this period, consensual unions became widespread and the traditional family unit was dismantled in some circles. Some people began to view the family as a major source of discontentment within the society and this greatly discredited the nuclear family as an unshakeable institution. The sentiments of the time are best articulated by Leach who asserts, â€Å"far from being the basi s for the good society, the family with its narrow privacy and tawdry secrets, is the source of all our discontents† (Kuper 2003, p.332). The nature of partner relationships has also experienced significant changes over the decades with a marked decline in the importance of the social origin of a partner being exhibited in all modern societies. In the past, great weight was placed on marriage with major kinship involvement in the process (Dykstra 2006). Today, marriage unions are primarily a matter of personal choice and preference with the families on both sides of the partners being involved only marginally. In addition to this, the frequency with which family unions are dissolved has risen tremendously. The increased rate of marriage dissolutions is blamed on the heightened emphasis on the emotional side of relationships, which leads to higher expectations and demands by both partners on each other (Dykstra 2006). In traditional marriage unions, emphasis was placed on the s ocial and material benefits of the union. Claude Levi-Strauss’s Ideas Claude Levi-Strauss is credited with advancing the Structuralism theory in which he argued that the phenomena of the external world are apprehended as having distinct characteristics because of the way our senses communicate these perceptions (Voss 1977). Human beings are predisposed to categorize things into separate units or segments and assign these things named classes. Any material object of culture or belief system is in imitation of human apprehension of nature (Levi-Strauss 1970). Man’s perception of nature as segmented is therefore responsible for his view of society as ordered. Advocates of the family as a natural unit might argue for the â€Å"natural† nature of the family structure since it exists universally. Both primitive and civilized societies have some concept of family, which is typically made up of females and at least one male figure either related to the female(s) by bloo d or by marriage. Levi-Strauss refutes this assertion by highlighting that cultures are bound to have some similarities since they are all products of human minds (Voss 1977). For this reason, universal features such as the family unit can occur. Levi-Strauss suggests that the basis of marriage rules was to create bonds between otherwise unrelated people. He argues that the since pre-historic times, communities had the option of intermarrying among themselves or giving away their women to other communities (Johnson 2003). The communities that gave away their women cemented political alliances and thus reduced the risk of being annihilated by superior enemies. The incest taboo was formed out of the need to enforce exogamy and therefore increase the society’s chances of survival. Voss (1977) best articulates this idea by stating that â€Å"if survival of a society is dependent upon alliance, strong sanctions against incest must be interdicted† (p.28). The family concept was formulated as an important unifying force through which the social cohesion was fostered and propagated. Levi-Strauss formulated the alliance theory in which he argued that sibling groups were linked through the exchange of sisters in marriage thus extending sibling solidarity to larger groupings (Kuper 1982). Levi-Strauss argued that â€Å"all the pre-modern societies of the world were organized on the basis of cross-cousin marriage† (Kuper 2008, p.726). He further stated that the family as a function of marriage was an institution that was formulated to create and maintain alliances. These alliances took place through the exchange between groups as people married for strategic reasons such as to strengthen political alliances (Levi-Strauss 1969). Kinship served the practical purpose of preventing war by setting up a diplomatic alliance between groups. The class structure that is based on family status is a cultural construction. Levi-Strauss considers the practice of to temism an expression of the differences among members of the society. Totemism, which is the naming of individuals or clans after particular plant or animal species, was a widespread practice since historical times (VonSturmer 1970). This practice emerged from the need of man to develop a system of social ordering by giving different class structures. Human beings are able to distinguish each other according to their mutual social status, which is normally articulated in the form of social classification. David Schneider’s Ideas Throughout the 19th century, Americans held the view that the family relationship was biologically given and of huge importance to the society. Many Europeans also shared this assumption and they presumed that kinship was a biological outcome. However, Schneider argues that if this were the case then the same set of ideas would have been developed by other peoples across the world. This is not the case and the family structure varied from continent to continent, and tribe to tribe. For this reason, David Schneider suggested that kinship was a function of civilization and not a feature of primitive society. According to this anthropologist, there is nothing natural about kinship and it is the production of the society. Social conventions alone may lead to a family relationship even if there is no biological relationship between or among parties. This view is corroborated by Johnson (2003) who reveals that a person is regarded as family based on some socially prescribed duties and privileges that the person fulfils in his/her relation to others. The manner in which people act towards each other is based on the concept of kinship, which is a construction of man. Schneider (1984) argues that there is no such thing as kinship and that â€Å"kinship† is in fact a creation of anthropologists and it has no concrete existence. Schneider (1984) suggests that family is a social construction that is useful for the allocation of right s and their transmission from one generation to the next. The family was formulated as an entity through which continuity could be guaranteed. Patrilineage in many societies served as a landholding corporations with parents leaving property to their children. Dykstra (2006) notes that resources are â€Å"passed down from one generation to the next, in the form of gifts or inheritances for example, or in the form of financial support† (p.1). Schneider (1984) theorizes that biological kinship is culturally constructed and it was formulated to help establish paternity with a fair degree of likelihood. He elaborates that primitive man lived at a time when promiscuity prevailed and there was no way of establishing who the child’s father was. The concept of â€Å"marriage of pairs† was formulated to help establish paternity and this was the earliest and greatest act of human intelligence. The bonds and ties that are attributed to the sexual reproduction that occurs in the family setting are not natural but a function of the society. Schneider (1984) observes that sexual relations can occur and have significance even outside kinship. However, the social and cultural attributes that are created when sexual reproduction occurs in a nuclear family setting are formulated by the society. Biological relations are for this reason afforded special qualities by the society. This has led to the ties being regarded as natural and inherent in the human condition. The ties between biologically close members are not natural since they would not be special without the social and cultural connotations ascribed to them. The socialization process is responsible for inculcating the concept of kinship in children. As a child grows up in the family, he/she is taught the logic by which his/her specific culture classifies kin and these concepts become ingrained in him/her. The child is often ignorant as to what kinship terms such as â€Å"uncle†, and â€Å"aunt y† mean but he/she is brought up to attach special meaning to the relationships. Schneider (1984) points out that the classifications of â€Å"relatives† may extend beyond the simple biological and genetic relationships with stipulated descent being included in the categories. Without the socializing process, the concept of the family would die out as individuals would not be confined to this socially prescribed structure. Schneider strongly rejects the understanding that family has to do with reproduction and he assertively declares that kinship is essentially undefined and vacuous which since it has little that can justify it (Read 2003). The inadequacy of blood relationships for a definition of family is accentuated by the inability for this consanguinity to account for practices such as adoption that still make fatherhood and motherhood possible. Read (2003) argues that it would be more convincing to state that family is a social convention rather than a function of procreation and parturition. Schneider argues that the family is a fabrication since some cultures do not have words that can reasonably translate to â€Å"father† or even â€Å"child†. In his ethnographic work among the Yapese, Schneider noted that the relationship between the biological father and offspring could not be translated as â€Å"father† and â€Å"child† in the English sense of the word (Schneider 1984). The Yapese people were able to exist without this genealogically based kinship relationship and even the passing down of property from generation to generation was not done on the basis of biological relationships. Further Evidence In addition to the thoughts of the renowned anthropologists referenced herein, current developments in the family structure provide more evidence that the family is a cultural construct. The traditional gender-specific division of labour has had to change with the increased participation of women in the labour mark et. Dykstra (2006) notes that the interaction between the partners who make up the family has become â€Å"more of a matter of negotiation† with the traditional gender-specific notions being all but discarded in most developed nations. The recent legitimization of gay and lesbian family formation in many Western countries further reinforces the assertion that family is a fabricated concept. For centuries, homosexual relationships were frowned upon by societies with severe penalties being imposed on individuals who engaged in these unions. Schneider (1997) reveals that the notion of sodomy was so abhorred in Western culture that if â€Å"justified killing and enslaving so many in the 15th and 16th centuries† (p.271). This has changed and homosexual unions are today tolerated on a greater scale. Schneider (1997) notes that gay and lesbian rights are today asserted with antidiscrimination laws and fringe benefits being accorded to this previously marginalized sub-group. T he traditional notion of family has had to be reinvented as non-heterosexual couples form relationships and become â€Å"families†. Discussion The idea that family is a fabricated concept has led to the fall of kinship studies as modern anthropologists have abandoned the subject due to the many internal problems and theoretical weaknesses contained in it (Kuper 2003). In spite of the different approach taken in their arguments, the three thinkers analysed in this paper, Levi-Strauss, Kuper, and Schneider all contend that family is a cultural construct. The paper has demonstrated that the prevalence of families in all communities is not an indication of their naturalness. Renowned anthropologists such as Levi-Strauss have demonstrated that the seemingly universal concept is not an indication of the naturalness of the family unit. Rather, it is a statement of the scientific operations of classification of objects and phenomena which occurs in both Western and primitive societie s. The universal family structure as we know it is a product of identical mental manipulations, which explains the seemingly self-consistent systems exhibited all over the world. The fact that the family unity is â€Å"not what it used to be† is proof enough that the family is a fabricated unit that keeps evolving with the culture of the society. In the recent past, alternative household organizations such as single-parent families and singles have become prevalent hence necessitating a review of the importance of the nuclear and extended family. These realities suggest that the assumption of genealogy or biology as the basis of the family is faulty since if this were the case, the family structure would remain static through time. In spite of the understanding that the family is a fabrication, this unit will continue to play an important role in society. The nuclear family is still the engine-room of socialization and it continues to bestow economic benefits for its members. Even Schneider (1984) acknowledges that kinship is a privileged institution since it is the major building block out of which all social systems are constructed. Conclusion This paper set out to examine the ideas of prominent anthropologists in order to demonstrate that the family is a fabricated thing. A review of these ideas has revealed that family is an ideological illusion constructed by man over the centuries. The paper has demonstrated that the concept of family started from the individual actor playing for economic and political advantage and using the family as a tool for social cohesion. The paper has convincingly shown that most aspects of kinship are not natural but rather the social construction of various societies over the centuries. The family relationship is not primarily one of genealogical and reproductively, instead, it is culturally specified and the manner in which it is expressed and perceived is a fabrication. It can therefore be authoritatively stated that family is not inherently human or universal; rather, it is a cultural construction that is arbitrary and variable in nature. References Dykstra, A 2006, Family relationships: the ties that bind, Amsterdam Study Centre for the Metropolitan Environment, Amsterdam. Johnson, C 2003, Claud Levi-Strauss: The formative years, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kuper, A 1982, ‘Lineage Theory: A Critical Retrospective’, Ann. Rev. Anthropol, vol. 11, no. 1, pp.71-95. Kuper, A 2003, ‘What Really Happened to Kinship and Kinship Studies’, Journal of Cognition and Culture, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 329-335. Kuper, A 2008, ‘Changing the subject – about cousin marriage, among other things’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 717-735. Levi-Strauss, C 1969, The Elementary Structures of Kinship, Beacon Press, Boston. Levi-Strauss, C 1970, The raw and the cooked, John and Harper, New York. Read, D 2001, What is Kinship? In The C ultural Analysis of Kinship: The Legacy of David Schneider and Its Implications for Anthropological Relativism, University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Schneider, D 1984, A critique of the study of kinship, University of Michigan Press, Michigan. Schneider, D 1997, ‘The power of culture: notes on some aspects of gay and lesbian kinship in America today’, Cultural Anthropology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 270-274. VonSturmer, J 1970, Claude Levi-Strauss: the anthropologist as everyman, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Voss, S 1977, ‘Claude Levi-Strauss: The Man and His Works’, Nebraska Anthropologist, vol. 145, no.1, pp. 21-38. This essay on Is the Family a Fabricated Thing? was written and submitted by user Doctor Spectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Doctor Assisted Suicide essays

Doctor Assisted Suicide essays Throughout recent years, debate in the U.S. about doctor-assisted suicide has gradually increased. The question of whether or not a physician should be able to assist in the planned death of a fatally sick person has been argued by many different sides. Assisted suicide advocates, such as Right to Die organizations, argue that human beings that are terminally ill should have the right to end their suffering and die with dignity. Opponents of the subject, such as the AMA, claim that the idea is morally wrong and will lead the medical profession to value death, instead of preserving life. The issue of assisted death is widely acknowledged throughout the world. In fact, doctor assisted suicide is legal in the Netherlands as well as the state of Oregon, and the act also takes place illegally in the U.S. and around the rest of the world. Assisted suicide is either prohibited by law or has been prohibited by court rulings in just about every state. Attempts to legalize assisted suicide through voter initiative were defeated in California in 1992 and Washington State in 1991(issues).. Over 20 state legislatures have considered and overpowered similar laws(issues). Oregon's policy on doctor-assisted suicide differs from all other U.S. policies in that it declares the operation legal. The policy is called the Death with Dignity Act. The Death with Dignity Act allows physicians to prescribe qualified patients a fatal dosage of medicine. The patient is qualified when two doctors must judge independently that the patient has six months or less to live, patients must have explored all treatment options, witnesses must affirm that the patient seeks to die willingly and, if a person's mental competence is in question, a psychologist must confirm that the patient is neither mentally incompetent nor depressed (Oregon). When assisted-suicide is made legal many risks and unwanted conditions may become evident. People fear that if the...

Cloning and Aggression among Sea Anemones Essay

Cloning and Aggression among Sea Anemones - Essay Example These clones rapidly spread out and form large aggregations of individuals exhibiting polymorphism. Individuals present in the center of clones are larger with gonads, and reproduce sexually. Individuals at the edge of the colony are smaller, with larger fighting tentacles (acrorhagi), being defensive in nature reproduce asexually. This division of labor allows individuals in the center to expend more energy on sexual reproduction and individuals on the edges of aggregations to expend their energy on developing large acrorhagi to fight the individuals of adjacent clones. Aggression is provoked when individuals on the circumference come into contact with genetically different clones. Acrorhagi, which are large projections loaded with nematysts located at the base of the tentacles, are used to sting, injure, and even kill members of the other clone. This inter-clonal fighting results in clear boundaries between adjacent aggregations. This aggressive behavior is fused on non-clone mates , as members of each clone can distinguish their own clone mates and do not attack them. Intraspecific competition of the inference sort has also been observed in experiments where two adjacent clones competed over the resource of space. The significance level for shore position, clonal/aclonal growth, and aggressiveness... Rare species were excluded for consistency and simply sharpen the focus of the present study. Study sites The samples were collected from two long north-south gradients extending from subarctic to subtropical latitudes.(Further details see L.Francis,1988,p.243) Assignment to categories The samples are categorized based on habitat, individual body size, clonal, aggressive nature. Statistical method The significance level for shore position, clonal/aclonal growth, and aggressiveness acting simultaneously is determined by using a multi-way G-test. In addition, Fisher's exact test with critical alpha levels corrected to compensate for multiple use of data is also used since some of the theoretically possible sets are though empty, is permissible, if conservative, to use [comparison wise error rate = 1 - ( 1 - )1/c, where c is the number of comparisons and is the desired level of confidence; Sidak, 1967, cited in SAS guide, 1985]. (For three sets of comparisons, a comparison wise error rate of 0.0165 is equivalent to an experimental error rate of 0.05.) Development of a model A geometric model is developed to predict the relative energy efficiency of interference as a function of increasing size: (1) for growth through isometric increase in size (simulated growth of an aclonal adult), and (2) for growth without increasing in height (simulated growth and spread of a compact, encrusting clone). Results Correlations From the observations, it was evident that overall distribution of species was uneven with respect to shore position, clonal/aclonal growth and aggressiveness. Tested separately, two of the three pair wise interactions were significant (for cloning vs. aggression and

Research techniques and approaches PowerPoint Presentation

Research techniques and approaches - PowerPoint Presentation Example The survey questionnaire was helpful in retrieving real time view of the respondents by presenting certain statements aimed at understanding respondent’s view on the particular variables (GAIMSTER 2011, 56). The responses provided by the respondents will be measured using Likert Scale as this will enable the researcher to determine the degree of agreement or disagreement of the respondent pertaining to particular statements. On the other hand, the interview guideline enabled the researcher to gather in-depth detail about the subject. For evaluating the gathered data scientifically, the researcher shall use the SPSS software (FLYNN & FOSTER 2009, 56). This software provides statistical trends along with the graphical presentation of these trends to help researchers in asserting the primary information and answer research questions. Statistical analysis of surveys: For the purpose of checking the reliability of the data and the hidden information in the form of patterns, the researcher shall use Regression analysis, Corn Bach Alpha test of reliability, one way Anova and Mean analysis (BLESSING, CHAKRABARTI & BLESSING 2009, 89). The data collected will be analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data will be analyzed using grounded theory methods. The hypotheses formulated for this study will be tested with the use of logistic regression and one-way Anova. Logistic regression is multiple regression but with an outcome variable that is a categorical dichotomy and predictor variables that are continuous or categorical (LAU 2012, 11). Quantitative data analysis was done to generate frequencies percentages and means. The resulting quantitative data will be interpreted using simple statistical method. The qualitative data obtained through open-ended questions and interview protocols wil l be analyzed by placing the

Article Critique Essay Example for Free

Article Critique Essay The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with children’s classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930’s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the premise of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this study. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement. This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on children’s adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than only the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the study from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald. The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well; as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected child’s learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2). The prior 2001 study found that â€Å"early peer rejection was negatively related to later achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a hypothesis that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, â€Å"it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from classrooms (or the school context) and that increasing disengagement impairs children’s achievement. Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their purpose for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a one year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade). Methodology The research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which individuals were liked/ disliked by classroom peers,† and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years. Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be too incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate separate peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, â€Å"popular,† â€Å"punk,† or â€Å"nerds. † The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room. The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as â€Å"the extent to which children were the target of peers’ nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, including behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abuse—the second form of peer mistreatment—was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which children were recipients of classmate’s aggressive and harassing behaviors† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between chronic peer abuse, and situational peer abuse. Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables Classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study. The study is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors aren’t controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A child’s family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as â€Å"the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4). The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge â€Å"achievement†. Some students fare better on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in different classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught. Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools. The sample contained nearly equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the sample’s ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% â€Å"other. † Family incomes were distributed as follows: 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12. 6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports it’s results as, â€Å"peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classroom and children’s adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. † (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study. It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a set premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the author’s findings, and can they be applied in a general manner across learning environments. I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionary forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization: Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1–13.

Womens Freedom during Chinas Revolutionary Period Essay -- Asian His

Women's Freedom during China's Revolutionary Period During the revolutionary period in China from 1921 to 1934, although there were undercurrents of an actual feminist movement, according to Kay Ann Johnson in Women, the Family & Peasant Revolution in China, women’s progress resulted more as a necessity of the war than the leadership’s commitment to emancipate women. Furthermore, when tension arose between men and women, the leadership usually appeased men over women. By not discussing the mentality of the political parties and the dynamics of the war, Hughes and Hughes’ critique lacks an explanation of the underlying motives that drove these parties to sometimes support women and other times reject women’s interests. Hughes and Hughes explain that â€Å"male educators and members of the KMT now proclaimed Chinese women emancipated† (H&H 237). However, Johnson’s critique paints quite a different and more complex emancipation. The philosophies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) reflected undertones of feminist thought and consideration. The CCP’s ideology developed in the early twentieth century as a result of a radical intellectual movement in urban areas composed of disillusioned students and professors. The CCP did recognize women’s progressive demands and desires for equal rights. In 1922, at the Second National Congress, the Party established the Women’s Department which aided women’s revolutionary political activity (Johnson 41). The Manifesto of the Second Congress responded to women’s groups such as the Woman Suffrage Alliance and the Alliance for the Women’s Rights Movements by including objectives such as â€Å"the limited right to vote for all workers and peasants, regardless of sex, [and] protect... ...ower in the war. Thus, it is difficult to assess whether women did attain emancipation since emancipation under such a politically charged atmosphere seems rather tainted. In addition, when conflict arose between men and women, politics usually supported male interests. Hughes and Hughes do not fully illustrate the complex motives that drove these parties to either support or abandon women’s interests in order to maintain political unity. Thus, it is problematic to only read Hughes and Hughes critique because it lacks an in-depth discussion of the complex dynamics during the revolution. Works Cited Hughes, Sarah Shaver and Brady Hughes. Women in World History: Readings from 1500 to the Present. Vol 2. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc., 1997. Johnson, Kay Ann. Women, the Family and Peasant Revolution in China. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Genres of Literature Essay

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction: Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another person’s life. An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative non fiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss. Genres of Fiction: Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action. Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality. Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres. A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demons trates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales. Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children. Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets. Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots. Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life. Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of â€Å"folk† that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs. Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting. Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader. A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance. Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material. Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown. Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person. Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of thegenres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form. The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story. The Oxford English Dictionary is a great place to consult for any further definitions of the different genres of literature explained here.

Why A Bank Serves A Geographic Area - 1524 Words

If a bank serves a geographic area that extends substantially beyond a state boundary, the bank must delineate separate assessment areas for the areas in each state. If a bank serves a geographic area that extends substantially beyond an MSA boundary, the bank must delineate separate assessment areas for the areas inside and outside the MSA. PERFORMANCE TESTS AND STANDARDS The Regulatory Agencies evaluate a bank’s CRA performance under various standards depending on whether the bank is a large or small banks, is a wholesale or limited purpose bank, or is operating under a strategic plan. CRA ratings are publicly available. Therefore, a poor rating may have an effect on a bank’s reputation. There is no monetary fine or other direct†¦show more content†¦A large bank is graded on each of the tests as Outstanding, High Satisfactory, Low Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Non-compliance. The three grades are then melded into a single grade for the bank. A high rating under one of the tests can offset a low rating on one of the other tests. Lending Test In assessing a bank’s lending activities, the Regulatory Agencies review the following information: †¢ Lending activity: The number and dollar amount of home mortgage, small business, and small farm loans in the bank’s assessment area(s). The general standard is that 80% in number and dollar amount of a bank’s loans should be in its assessment area(s). This number is not a regulatory requirement; it is more of an industry best practice. If the number is less than that, the bank has probably been too restrictive in defining its assessment area. †¢ Geographic distribution: The geographic distribution of a bank’s mortgage, small business, small farm, and consumer loans including: o The proportion of lending in the bank’s assessment area(s); o The dispersion of loans across the bank’s assessment area(s); and o The number and amount of loans in low , moderate-, middle-, and upper-income areas in the bank’s assessment area(s). †¢ Borrower characteristics: The demographics of the bank’s borrower’s including: o Mortgage loans to low-, moderate-, middle-, and upper-income individuals; o Small business and small farm loans to small businesses and small farms